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The function of these commands is very similar. The goal is to determine what processes have certain files open. lsof is freeware and thus freely compilable under all Unixes. It is available by default under Linux only.
The main difference between lsof and fuser is that lsof takes both files/filesystems and PIDs as arguments whereas fuser only accepts files/filesystems.
lsof stands for list open files. It lists information about files that are currently open by processes.
In the absence of any options, lsof lists all open files belonging to all active processes
To list all open files for login name ``abe'', or user ID 1234 you would use the -u option. To list files being used by process 456, process 123, or process 789, you would use the -p flag. Putting these criteria together, we would have a command that looks like this:
lsof -p 456,123,789 -u 1234,abe
The command to list all open files on device /dev/hd4, would look like this:
lsof /dev/hd4
To find the process that has /u/abe/foo open, use:
lsof /u/abe/foo
fuser is more widely available (under AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and others) and can only be run as root. It displays the process ID numbers of processes using the specified files or file systems. In the default display mode, each file name is followed by a letter denoting the type of access (these codes differ from vendor to vendor):
| a | if the process is using the file as its trace file in /proc (IRIX) |
| c | if the process is using the file as its current directory |
| e | if the process is using the file as the executable being run |
| f | if the process is using the file as an open file (Linux) |
| m | if the process is using the file as a mmaped or shared lib (Linux) |
| o | if the process is using the file as an open file (IRIX, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX)) |
| p | if the process is using the file as the parent of its current directory (Tru64 UNIX) |
| r | if the process is using the file as root directory |
| s | if the process is using the file as a shared lib (AIX) |
| t | if the process is using the file as its text file (Solaris) |
| y | if the process is using the file as its controlling terminal (IRIX) |
Here is an example of fuser running under Linux:
linux# /usr/sbin/fuser / /: 1r 1c 2r 2c 3r 3c 4r 4c 252r 252c 275r 275c 286r 286c 300r 314r 328r 328c 342r 342c 356r 356c 374r 374c 385r 385c 396r 396c 411r 411c 412r 412c 413r 413c 414r 414c 415r 415c 416r 416c 417r 417c 418r 418c 419r 419c 420r 420c 455r 470r 470c 485r 485c 500r 500c 538r 538c 539r 539c 540r 540c 541r 541c 542r 542c 543r 543c 544r 544c 546r 546c 548r 548c 551r 551c 556r 569r 591r 597r 610r 612r 614r 614c 618r 626r 628r 636r 646r 7090r 7090c 7092r 7243r 7288r 7288c 7290r 7303r
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